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In addition, there are representatives elected from appointed organizations (usually under the Supreme Leader's control) to "protect the state's Islamic character".[2]. IMF. [92] Sixty-five percent of the budget is to be financed through taxation and the remaining 35% from oil sales, based on 2.25 million barrels of oil sales per day, an average oil price of 40 dollars a barrel and US dollar-Iranian rial exchange rate at 29,970. Revenues from taxes have been projected at 458 trillion Rials ($37 billion), which shows a 10% increase year-on-year. In 2021, a number of Muslim majority countries are Islamic democracies. The third function of the Majlis is fulfilling the duties arising from representation in the sense of formation and official recognition of Majlis and its control and supervisory over the executive branch. Iranian taxpayers incur a loss of $3.3 billion annually because of fuel smuggling (& not including other smuggled oil derivatives), equivalent to the "development budget" of Iran. Semi-Presidential System.Sometimes called a dual ️executive system, this is a system in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet. A member of the Independent parliamentary bloc’s board of directors Ezatollah Yousefian Molla has told media outlets a number of lawmakers are preparing a letter addressed to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to ask him order a constitutional revision. Indonesia is currently the largest Islamic democracy in the world.. When the Iranian regime held its latest parliamentary elections in February 2020, polling places saw their lowest levels of turnout in the 40-year history of the Iranian regime. Prior to 1979, Iran had its political system as a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy with parliamentary system. [21][22], The Supreme Leader is appointed and supervised by the Assembly of Experts. US dollar/Iranian rial exchange rate (2003-2014 est.). [31], Following annual approval of the government's budget by Majlis, the central bank presents a detailed monetary and credit policy to the Money and Credit Council (MCC) for approval. Noting the function and status of the Parliament in the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it can be concluded that contrary to many traditional and ruling systems worldwide, that merely focus on forming a consultative parliament, whose members are mainly appointed and only offer consultative and non-binding recommendations to the head of state (government), Islamic Republic of Irans Majlis is the most important and most fundamental democratic pillar, whose dissolution is impossible and is active under all circumstances. Thats perhaps because of the fact that Iranian public opinion has always been concerned with excessive authority of the executive branch; therefore, many of the authorities and duties, distinguished for the executive branch in other countries, rest with the parliament from the standpoint of the Islamic Republic of Irans Constitution. The vote is key, as it is the first parliamentary election after the US withdrew from the nuclear deal between Iran and world powers in 2018 and … [77][78][79][80] The budget bill permits the government to use more than $35 billion in foreign finance. Iran is a Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and Islamic republic in which the president, parliament (Majles) and judicial system share powers reserved to the national government, according to its Constitution. the 2011-total budget shows a 45-percent increase compared with that of 2011 which stood at $368 billion. The bill has set the price of oil at $95 per barrel, based on the official exchange rate of 12,260 rials for a U.S. dollar, which has been fixed by the Central Bank of Iran. For a decade after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran had a parliamentary political system. [33], A unique feature of Iran's economy is the large size of the religious foundations (called Bonyads) whose combined budgets make up more than 30% that of the central government. [64], The public budget was $165 billion (1,770 trillion rials) in Iranian year 2011–2012. [69] The defense budget shows an increase of 127 percent. The last prime minister was Mir Hossein Mousavi, who held the office from 1981 to 1989, … These are the most recent elections that have taken place. [87] Dependency on oil exports in this overall budget bill has dropped to 25% (down from over 30% of government revenues in 2014. The politics of Iran take place in a framework that officially combines elements of theocracy and presidential democracy. In this regard, the state-run Mardom Salari daily on Wednesday wrote: “We must be realistic to prevent social disintegration. [37] It is not overseen by the Iranian Parliament, as that body voted in 2008 to "prohibit itself from monitoring organizations that the supreme leader controls, except with his permission". Sadeq Ziba-Kalam, a prominent intellectual and supporter of Rouhani, goes further by asserting that introducing a parliamentary system in Iran at this time could be “a setback for democracy”. Iran’s conservatives are on the brink of a landslide victory in the country’s parliamentary elections as forecasts show them taking more than two-thirds of the seats. Therefore, based on the Iranian constitution, the Majlis has three different functions not seen at all or the least in other parliamentary systems in the meantime. The approved "total budget", including state owned commercial companies, was $295 billion for the same period.[42]. There are 43 million eligible voters in Iran. [40], As of 2010, oil income accounts for 80% of Iran's foreign currency revenues and 60% of the nation's overall budget. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Learn how and when to remove this template message, diplomatic relations with Iran by the United States, highest ranking political and religious authority, Iranian Assembly of Experts election, 2016, Management and Planning Organization of Iran, macro-economic and monetary policies of the government of Iran, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Acquisition of capital assets/development expenditures, Repayment of external debts and obligations, revenues from the sale of crude oil and gas, International Rankings of Iran in Politics, "The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency", IRAN: POLITICS, THE MILITARY AND GULF SECURITY, "Huge cost of Iranian brain drain By Frances Harrison", "Iran's Khamenei hits out at Rafsanjani in rare public rebuke", "Khamenei says Iran must go green - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East", "Exclusive: Iran pursues ballistic missile work, complicating nuclear talks", "IranWire - Asking for a Miracle: Khamenei's Economic Plan", "PressTV-'Economic issues, Iran's foremost problem, "Iran: Executive, legislative branch officials endorse privatization plan", "Khamenei slams Rouhani as Iran's regime adopted UN education agenda", "Leader outlines elections guidelines, calls for transparency", "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Iranian vice-president 'sacked, "Rafsanjani breaks taboo over selection of Iran's next supreme leader", "Everything you need to know about Iran's Assembly of Experts election", "Iranian Government Constitution, English Text", "PressTV-Iranian MPs approve budget bill outline", "Mostazafan and Janbazan (Oppressed and Disabled Veterans) Foundation (MJF)", "Khamenei controls massive financial empire built on property seizures, (part 1)", Mehr News Agency: Iran eyes $250 billion annual revenue in 5 years, "Iran's 'Frozen' Assets: Exaggeration on Both Sides of the Debate", "Ten Million Iranians Under 'Absolute Poverty Line, Iran to test investor confidence with debt issue, "IMF: Iran accord to lift Mideast economy", "Iran: Concluding Statement of an IMF Staff Visit", Iran's external debts cut by $10b, hit $7.2b: Central Bank Chief, https://www.presstv.com/Detail/2021/02/03/644483/Iran-foreign-debt-CBI-figures, "The Memorandum of The Foreign Trade Regime of The Islamic Republic of Iran", "Islamic Republic of Iran: 2009 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Iran", "Ahmadi-Nejad unveils expansionary Iran budget", PBS - Iran Primer: The Oil and Gas Industry, "Iran Parliament Cut Budget 2.25% Before Approval, Donya Reports", "Global Legal Monitor: Iran: Criticism of Newly Proposed Budget - Global Legal Monitor - Law Library of Congress - Library of Congress", "Iran parliament approves reduced sanction-hit budget - Yahoo! [39], In 2004, about 45 percent of the government's budget came from exports of oil and natural gas revenues, although this varies with the fluctuations in world petroleum markets and 31 percent came from taxes and fees. Turnout has fallen from 80% in 1997 to 60% in 2005. The budget assumes Here is an overview of the main components of the Iranian political system. )[31] The plan is to increase taxation on large organizations by reducing tax evasion/exemption. Earmarked expenditures totaled 13 percent of the central government total. The armed forces, judicial system, state television, and other key governmental organizations are under the control of the Supreme Leader. [55] These arrears are owed to banks (45%), private contractors (37%), and social security (18%) (FY 2016). According to article six of the Islamic Republic’s constitution, the country’s affairs must be administered by reliance on the public vote through elections. [44], Because of changes in the classification of budgetary figures, comparison of categories among different years is not possible. See also Subsidy reform plan. [64] Iran balances its external accounts around $75 per barrel. On certain occasions, Majlis devises laws with respect to general needs of the society that the Guardian Council may not approve due to their inconsistency with Islamic regulations or the Constitution. [34][35][36], Setad, another organization worth more than $95 billion, has been described as "secretive" and "little known". There exist a number of perspectives on the relationship of Islam and democracy among Islamic political theorists, the general Muslim public, and Western authors.. [87], Proposed government budget is 9.52-quadrillion Iranian rials (about 262 billion US dollars). Active student groups include the pro-reform "Office for Strengthening Unity" and "the Union of Islamic Student Societies'; Iran's fiscal year (FY) goes from 21 to 20 March of the following year. [50], Distribution of Public Debt (FY 2016)[51], In 2014, Iran's banks and financial institutions total claims on the public sector (government and governmental institutions) amounted to 929 trillion IRR ($34.8 billion), which must be reduced according to the IMF. [46], According to the head of the Department of Statistics of Iran, if the rules of budgeting were observed in this structure, the government could save at least 30 to 35 percent on its expenses. The Supreme Leader of Iran[11] is the head of state and highest ranking political and religious authority (above the President). 9,500 billion.3) The government budget does not include state revenues and expenses derived from state owned commercial enterprises. [57], Iran's total debt service as percent of exports of goods services and income increased sixfold between 1990 and 1997. “If Iran’s Guardian Council resort to mass disqualification of the reformists to weaken the Rouhani government, then this will only further erode the legitimacy of the parliamentary system with few benefits, since the voter turnout in favour of the reformist camp was already expected to be very low.” The government can lower this deficit by increasing the official exchange rate but this will trigger higher inflation. Between FY 2000 and FY 2004, total expenditures and net lending accounted for about 26 percent of GDP. The Islamic Republic of Iran is an authoritarian theocratic republic with a Shia Islamic political system based on velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist). [75] The budget law also includes income of 500 trillion Rials from the subsidies reform plan. The overall/"total" budget shows a 4% growth compared with the 2014 budget. This amendment allows the government to issue debt based instruments and the use of forex reserves in an attempt to clear its debt to the private sector, including contractors, banks and insurers.[93]. [92], An amendment to the budget was passed in August 2016. [82] The administration has set the goal of 519 trillion rials, (about $20.9 billion) government's income from implementation of the subsidy reform plan in budget bill and will be likely forced to double fuel prices. the amount of transparency in elections in Iran,[20] and who is to be fired and reinstated in the Presidential cabinet. p. 1", "Iran's president: Nuclear deal has helped economy", "Iran's next year budget bill sees economic growth at 3%, inflation at 21%", "Irandaily - No. The 2014 budget assumes an average oil price of $100 per barrel, inflation at 21%, GDP growth at 3% and the official USD/IRR exchange rate at 26,000 Iranian rials. [71] The approved total state budget figure shows an 11% increase in Rial terms, in comparison to the previous year's budget. Arjomand, Said Amir, The Turban for the Crown : The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Oxford University Press, c1988, p.144, Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984 p.158-9, Based on the government's own Planning and Budget Organization statistics, from: Jahangir Amuzegar, 'The Iranian Economy before and after the Revolution,`. Iran has a democratically elected president, a parliament (or Majlis), an Assembly of Experts which elects the Supreme Leader, and local councils. Proposed development expenditure amounts to $17 billion. Thereafter, major elements of these policies are incorporated into the five-year economic development plan. Half of the members will be elected by the Supreme Leader and another half by Parliament of Iran. [65], The budget for Iranian year 1389 (2010–2011), which starts on 21 March, amounts to $368.4bn, representing an increase of 31 per cent on the previous year and is based on a projected oil price of $60 a barrel compared with just $37.50 last year. It is, however, an important factor in the Supreme Leader's power, giving him financial independence from parliament and the national budget.[37]. [48][49] As a direct consequence, 3. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, the second round, to elect eleven seats, was postponed until 11 September 2020. 4671 - Front page. Notes: 1) Since 2002, the latest International Monetary Fund Guidelines on government financial statistics have been used as a model to prepare annual budgetary acts. The National Development Fund of Iran (NDFI) does not depend on Iran's budget. On February 26, four experts discussed the sweeping victory by conservative factions in Iran’s parliamentary elections. [94] Iranian reformists, such as Mohammad-Ali Abtahi have considered this to be the core legal obstacle for the reform movement in Iran.[95][96][97][98][99]. Alike other branches of power, parliaments share highly common duties in many countries. The early days of the revolutionary government were characterized by political tumult. A list of countries with semi-presidential constitutions is posted separately. In the 2016 elections to Iran’s Majlis, 290 seats will be up for grabs (the same as in 2012). The Islamic Republic constitution of December 1979 and its 1989 change identifies the Islamic Republic of Iran’s political, economic, and social order, proclaiming that the country’s official religion is Shia Islam of the Twelver school of thought. The first parliaments date back to the Middle Ages. In November 1979 the US embassy was seized and its occupants taken hostage and kept captive for 444 days because of support of the US government for the King of Iran. Based on the Constitution, the duties are as follows: *Giving vote of confidence to ministers: Articles 87 and 133 of the Constitution, *Raising question with ministers and the president: Article 88 of the Constitution, *Impeaching ministers and the President: Article 89 of the Constitution, *Investigating and examining all the affairs of the country: Article 76 of the Constitution, *Representatives comment on all domestic and international affairs: Articles 84 and 86 of the Constitution, *Investigating complaints concerning the performance of the Parliament, or the Executive, or the Judiciary: Article 90 of the Constitution, * Approving the credentials of its own members: Article 93 of the Constitution, *Electing lawyer members of the Guardian Council: Article 91 of the Constitution, Expediency Council and Irans parliamentary system. Experts, President, Majlis, and referendums, including vetting and approving or rejecting parliamentary, Assembly of Experts, and presidential candidates. [30] Overall, an estimated 50 percent of Iran's GDP was exempt from taxes in FY 2004. [63] 5) Excluding special revenues and expenditures and the figure for transparency in the price (subsidy) of energy bearers. Based on Article 91 of the Constitution, the Guardian Council will be composed of the following: Six   jurists (fuqahã’), who are persons of integrity (‘ãdil) and well aware of the present needs and issues of the day and six lawyers who are Muslim, specializing in various fields of law. Groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, The Iranian Islamic Students Association, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Islam's Students, and the Islamic Coalition Association. Click on the flow chart below to find out more about Iran's complex political system. [56] Iran's external debt was $9.3 billion in December 2020. In a parliamentary republic, the head of government is selected by, or nominated by, the legislature and is also accountable to it.

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