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The number of cases in which the referent of the d-pronoun was mentioned more than once declines rapidly. However, even in this study information structure and linear position were confounded. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, dropthebrandco.shop has it all. 1992. This new sample was analyzed by means of logistic regression. And in fact, the accuracy was almost perfect for the p-pronoun er (mean: 99.7%; range: 98.1%-100%) but rather low for the d-pronoun der (mean: 8.3%; range: 0%-61.1%). In order to identify cases that are not captured by accessibility, we consider first how far we get when we use accessibility alone for deciding whether to use a p- or a d-pronoun. 86Examples of this kind have already been discussed in the prior literature (see Bosch, 2013). Bittner, D. & Dery, J.E. 37Here, one may again wonder whether the antecedent of er is the proper name Döring or the intervening possessive pronoun seine. Table 7. Number of mentions of the pronoun’s referent in the preceding context for, Figure 2. Since the definite article and the d-pronoun share forms (or are even the same lexical item, as proposed by Wiltschko, 1998), a definite determiner may increase the probability of using the d-pronoun. A stronger influence on the choice of pronominal form can be seen when looking at the position of the antecedent in the sentence and its syntactic function. September 57 Jahre alt wird, stammt gar nicht aus dem Saarland. In this case, the pronoun’s antecedent is discourse new, occurs sentence finally, and is an object. For example, 87% of the definite NP antecedents of the p-pronoun are subjects, whereas 80% of the definite NP antecedents of the d-pronoun are non-subjects. “lme4”: Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Eigen and S4. The latest fashion news, beauty coverage, celebrity style, fashion week updates, culture reviews, and videos on Vogue.com. and the current study6. For definite NP antecedents, both pronouns show a majority of new uses, which is much stronger for d- than for p-pronouns. Join Facebook to connect with Angelina We and others you may know. (2003). From the standpoint of accessibility theory, this is no surprise because a central assumption of this theory is that accessibility is a complex property that cannot be defined in terms of a single feature. With 69.2%, the value that we found is only slightly higher. Frollein, was tragen Sie denn? Paderborn University’s learning centres provide students with learning support, in particular in subject-related issues. The results for givenness defined in this way and the two syntactic prominence properties of syntactic function and clausal position are shown in Table 2. 36A related case is illustrated in [9]. Works: Schütz: "Gloria patri" for the 111th psalm from Psalmen Davids, SWV 34, Es steh' Gott auf, SWV 356, from Symphoniae sacrae, part two (20), Der Engel sprach zu den Hirten, SWV 395, from Geistliche Chormusik (20), O Jesu süss, wer dein gedenkt, SWV 406, from Symphoniae sacrae, part three (20), Ach Herr, du Schöpfer aller Ding, SWV 450 (20), Güldne Haare, gleich Aurore, SWV 440 (20). Katja Scherle. La recherche déjà existante concernant ces pronoms s’est concentrée sur la compréhension du langage. With regard to the effect of syntactic function, the results in Table 2 are close to those found by Bosch et al. Examples of this kind are least expected in the case of the d-pronoun because the d-pronoun’s antecedent is a non-final subject that is already given in the discourse. For these two antecedent types, Table 5 shows how often the antecedent was already given in the prior discourse and how often it was newly introduced. The antecedent of a d-pronoun, in contrast, is typically a new NP that occurs as non-subject in clause-final position. The reverse pattern is found for the d-pronoun: in each case, the accessibility-decreasing value occurs more often than the accessibility-increasing one. ‘The cook pushed a baker, who was standing at the end of the line. As discussed above, p-pronouns prefer antecedents that have the syntactic function of subject whereas d-pronouns prefer the least accessible referent as antecedent. Bittner and Dery (2015: 67) found that in situations encompassing pronoun use in anaphoric disambiguation, however, the choice between p- or d-pronouns may not be described in terms of information status of the referent in the ongoing discourse. 20The pronoun ihn in the last context sentence is given (increasing its accessibility), an object (decreasing its accessibility) and in final position (also decreasing its accessibility). In addition, in five cases the d-pronoun was followed by a verb-final structure and two continuations were incomplete or missing. Our corpus studies revealed a number of examples where the d-pronoun refers back to a given antecedent, mainly when the antecedent occurred as object in clause-final position. Available online: http://www.R-project.org. Languages provide a wide variety of referential expressions for this purpose. D-pronouns are often analyzed as a kind of demonstrative pronoun. Referents that have been mentioned recently are more accessible than referents that have not been mentioned recently. [C -2] Bevor die Aufführung begann, hatte sie schon einen Clown herumlaufen sehen. Er schmiss ihn daraufhin hinaus. We hope you find what you are searching for! La recherche déjà existante concernant ces pronoms s’est concentrée sur la compréhension du langage. Both are specified for the features “masculine” and “singular”3. p-pronoun: personal pronouns including possessive pronouns; d-pronoun: demonstrative pronouns used without a following noun; proper name: personal names, place names and names of companies; definite NP: nouns preceded by a definite article, a demonstrative article, a possessive determiner or a strong quantifier; indefinite NP: bare nouns, generic nouns and nouns preceded by a weak quantifier or an indefinite article; (corpus = “DeWaC-6” text = “496753” id = “, Syntactic function: -subject, Antecedent of possessive pronoun. Dec 19, 2017 - This Pin was discovered by Alice Song. Based on their specific characteristics, they are divided into three categories - Premium, Comfort and Standard - in order to best meet the needs of the customers. Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. Das freut mich sehr. Avec notre vaste gamme de plus de 1000 produits boulangers, articles issus de l’épicerie fine et autres produits non alimentaires, vous trouverez tout ce dont vous avez besoin pour votre établissement dans le secteur HoReCa et Bake-off. In the following, we will concentrate on accessibility theory (Ariel, 1990 and 2001), as this is the most comprehensive theory. Witchsister Photography. Taken together, these three categories account for about 90% of all antecedents for the p-pronoun. We will therefore always report separate percentages for the two pronouns in the following analyses. However, the last context sentence does not make an assertion about the discourse topic, but about the sentence topic, which is then taken up again by a pronoun in the continuation sentence10. Ces derniers ont pour but de déterminer l’accessibilité d’un référent (Ariel, 1990), en particulier le «, einen Mann, der ganz wirre Haare hatte, Portail de ressources électroniques en sciences humaines et sociales, 2. 97A final issue that we want to discuss concerns the finding that d-pronouns are used much less often than p-pronouns when establishing pronominal reference. An explanation may be postulated when the continuation describes a cause or reason of the event pictured in the context sentence. Table 15. In two experiments, Ellert (2013) measured eye-movements while participants simultaneously listened to sentence pairs as in [4] and looked at pictures of the two referents mentioned in the context sentence. The status of possessive pronouns, 4. P-pronouns and d-pronouns in German, 3.1. Sundair, Airline, Top-Reiseangebote, Mallorca, Gran-Canaria, Kreta, Fuerteventura, Antalya, Kassel, Flughafen Kassel, Urlaub Table 6 shows the frequency of a local competitor as well as the frequency of a competitor anywhere within the preceding context. For canonical subject-initial context sentences, the p-pronoun preferentially refers to the topic and the d-pronoun to the focus. In this respect, pronouns differ from lexical NPs, which often take their antecedent over a longer distance (see Arnold, 2010 for discussion). However, in these cases definiteness is strongly correlated with givenness. 82Starting with p-pronouns, consider first antecedents with an accessibility value of 0, that is, final objects that are new to the prior discourse. Gundel, J.K., Hedberg, N. & Zacharski, R. 1993. This bias is stronger for the p-pronoun than for the d-pronoun (χ2 = 20, p < 0.001), although the difference is not a large one. 83Every account of pronoun choice in German would have predicted a d-pronoun in this case, especially given the presence of competing antecedents within the final context sentence [C -1]. Available online: https://discours.revues.org/8756. EDNA International – votre partenaire compétent pour des produits boulangers surgelés de haute qualité. For purposes of illustration, consider the following examples from Ellert (2013). In contexts that provide only one grammatically suitable referent for the pronoun, DPro and PPro occur in free variation, and without any semantic difference. We must leave this as a topic for future research. 6Of special interest for the notion of accessibility are referential expressions that differ in form but not in lexical content. D-pronouns are much more frequent in spoken German than in written German (see Ahrenholz, 2007; Bosch et al., 2007). Interpreting Pronouns and Demonstratives in Finnish: Evidence for a Form-Specific Approach to Reference Resolution. For the fixed factors, effect coding was used. When only a single potential antecedent is available, reference is not ambiguous and therefore no choice must be made. BB – Bretzel brioché We hope you find what you are searching for! Berlin: De Gruyter. The second question addressed in the following experiment thus is how the rate of choosing a d-pronoun differs depending on whether an object in clause-final position is new or given. Anne Hoffmann - Herzmensch Fotografie. In accordance with this assumption, Bader and Portele (2015) propose that d-pronouns prefer as antecedent the NP which is least accessible, where accessibility is defined at least in terms of the givenness, the syntactic function and the clausal position of the competing antecedent NPs. We further should take into account different text types and their various stylistic characteristics. We finally discuss several factors besides accessibility that affect the choice of either a p- or a d-pronoun. For both pronouns, definite NPs and proper names together account for the majority of all antecedents (58.5% for the p-pronoun and 66.4% for the d-pronoun). 40We start by considering three properties that are identified by Arnold (2010) as crucial for defining accessibility: the givenness, the syntactic prominence and the recency of the pronoun’s antecedent. A certain consensus emerging from this literature is that the main functions of p- and d-pronouns must be stated in information-structural terms. This is a paid newsletter for professional investors who want to know every startup which gets kicked-off in the DACH region. Available online: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4. Given that in certain examples both p- and d-pronouns seem to be acceptable, the threshold must be variable or probabilistic in some way. Surprisingly, however, the frequency of examples where the antecedent has the highest possible accessibility value of 3 does not go down even further but increases to a value of about 7.7%. your own Pins on Pinterest 2016 - Quelle couleur de cheveux vous correspond le mieux, selon votre visage, teint, et selon vos yeux ? In context sentence [C -1], where it is mentioned again, the initial phrase can be considered a stage-setting topic. In order to approximate the original p-pronoun to d-pronoun ratio, we formed a sample consisting of the complete p-pronoun sample and 18 randomly drawn examples from the d-pronoun sample. Wiltschko, M. 1998. n° 2681, Sandwich bretzel, prêt à l'emploi, Aides à la vente pour pizzas & tartes flambées, Aide à la vente pour pralinés & petits biscuits, Art. Description: A Child Theme for Directory Starter, built to be used with the GeoDirectory plugin to create a Yelp like directory website. Er war schlecht gelaunt. For example, in order to help the hearer, a speaker who wants to refer back to the subject in an object-before-subject sentence could either use a p-pronoun (because p-pronouns prefer a subject antecedent) or a d-pronoun (because d-pronouns prefer a sentence final antecedent). Choosing Anaphoric Expressions: Do People Take into Account Likelihood of Reference? Language Resources and Evaluation 43 (3): 209-226. Two different properties can increase a referent’s syntactic prominence and thereby make it more accessible. The issue is somewhat more complicated than in the case of reflexives because the antecedent of the possessive pronoun does not necessarily occur within the same sentence. Definiteness and givenness are expected to correlate. We were especially interested in the question whether the corpus finding that a d-pronoun is chosen to refer to a given NP in sentence final position also holds for completions written by participants. The corpus data show that the choice between p(ersonal) pronoun and d-pronoun depends on several factors that have been claimed to determine a referent’s accessibility (Ariel, 1990), in particular givenness and syntactic prominence (syntactic function and clausal position). Since given NPs always occurred sentence-initially and new NPs sentence-finally in their experiment, it is not possible to decide whether the preference observed for the d-pronoun is an effect of givenness or an effect of position. ), Text Representation: Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects. Like for language interpretation, relative accessibility may be decisive when the context contains a competing referent, but relative accessibility will be of no help when there is no competing referent. your own Pins on Pinterest 11The context sentence in [4a] is either a subject-initial or a subject-final sentence. Our vehicles undergo a series of checks and inspections. First, a subject is more prominent than an object. Deutsche Sprache 24: 71-91. The clearest deviation from the pattern typical of the antecedent of a p-pronoun concerns the antecedent’s syntactic function. Of the 54 examples with a possessive pronoun as potential antecedent, 48 were followed by the p-pronoun er and 6 by the d-pronoun der. [C -2] The company will be 10 years old and the ball room of the Ritz-Carlton is just sufficient for congratulations. Les données de corpus montrent que le choix entre « p-pronom » et « d-pronom » dépend de plusieurs facteurs. We decided to hold word order constant and to vary the position of the given and new NP for two reasons. 29For the corresponding accusative object pronouns, similar searches revealed 582 hits for Ihn (“him/p-pronoun”) followed by a finite verb and 943 hits for Den (“him/d-pronoun”) followed by a finite verb. As the dependent variable, we took proportions of the choice of the d-pronoun. Revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique. Use our interactive store locator to search our 5,000+ locally owned stores to easily find the one nearest you. Civil District Court (Orleans Parish) General Index of All Successions, 1880 - 1903 Emphasis might also play a role in other examples with the d-pronoun, but we do not think that the use of the d-pronoun always involves emphasis. He subsequently expelled him.’, ‘In 1982 Haimerl took over the department of data-handling, which he managed for almost 18 years. Kaiser and Trueswell (2008) obtained the same pattern that was found for German – a subject preference for the Finnish p-pronoun and a preference for the final, new NP for the Finnish d-pronoun. Der Schrank ist schwerer als der Tisch. Miriam: Miriam ist 15 Jahre alt. 20 nov. 2019 - La Team Sauvage a dégote rien que pour vous 10 idées de coiffures pour cheveux courts et mi-longs qui vont vous inspirer, sans aucun doute ! Journal of Memory and Language 68 (3): 255-278. This leaves us with the finding that though the p-pronoun er is biased to subject antecedents, it is also easily used for referring back to objects. For example, in a sentence with subject-object (SO) order, the subject is always more accessible than the object because it is favored by two of the three defining properties – syntactic function and clausal position. In addition, in some cases the preceding context and the target sentence did not form a coherent discourse, reflecting problems with automatically deriving texts from internet sites.

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