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[65] Upon completion in 2015–16, the Ras Tanura integrated refinery and petrochemicals project will become the world's largest petrochemical facility of its kind with a combined production capacity of 11 million tons per year of different petrochemical and chemical products. Legături externe In particular, Vision 2030 states: 'Where it exists in strategic locations, we will also capitalize on the government’s reserves of real estate. Football is a particularly popular sport and Saudi Arabia has won the Asian Cup on three occasions, while other sports such as cricket and basketball are also widely followed. Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). So this means more patrons, more favors, and more obligations. Kongeriket Saudi-Arabia ( arabisk: المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya; egentlig det suʻūdiske kongedømmet Arabia, arabisk kortform as-Suʻūdiyya ), vanligvis omtalt som Saudi-Arabia, er et land med geografisk beliggenhet i Midtøsten, og det største landet på … In the mid-1990s, foreign ownership rules were relaxed again, with investment sought in telecommunications, utilities, and financial services. Arabia Saudita o Arabia Saudí, [1] [10] denominada oficialmente Reino de Arabia Saudita (en árabe, المملكة العربية السعودية ‎ [al-Mamlaka al-ʿarabīya as-saʿūdīya]), [11] es un país de Asia Occidental ubicado en la península arábiga, cuya forma de gobierno es la monarquía absoluta. In 2016 the Saudi Government launched its Saudi Vision 2030 to reduce the country's dependency on oil and diversify its economic resources. In a matter of decades Muslim armies decisively defeated the Byzantine army and destroyed the Persian Empire, conquering huge swathes of territory from the Iberian peninsula to India. This surplus that is accounted for $10.40 billion has been achieved due to the increase of the oil and non-oil revenues. [140] The owners benefit from these price increases as they hold the land for future development. Proven reserves, according to figures provided by the Saudi government, are estimated to be 260 billion barrels (41 km3), which is about one-quarter of world oil reserves. Subject to this suzerainty, Arabia was ruled by a patchwork of tribal rulers (including the Al Saud who had returned from exile in 1902 – see below) with the Sharif of Mecca having preeminence and ruling the Hejaz.[24][27][32]. The remaining oil exports are transported via the east–west pipeline across the kingdom to the Red Sea port of Yanbu. The firm also cut down oil pricing for its US buyers following wavering demand for fuel due to global relapse of the coronavirus pandemic. [154], Saudi Arabia is among the countries with the most notable improvement in doing business according to the World Bank Group's Doing Business 2020 report. In 1933, the Saudi government signed an oil concession agreement with Standard Oil Company of California. Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings claimed SABIC to be the world's largest producer of polymers and the Persian Gulf region's largest steel producer for 2005 and assigned SABIC an "A" corporate credit rating. Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia. [63], Saudi Arabia has announced plans to invest about $47 billion in three of the world's largest and most ambitious petrochemical projects. Delay in Aramco's initial public offering further highlights the less urgency in privatization, even though in July 2018, the International Monetary Fund urged to accelerate the process. [101] On October 7, 2020, Al-Tuwaijri along with other nominees from the UK and Kenya, lost the bid for WTO due to lack of support for their bids, as compared to the nominees from Nigeria and South Korea who qualified for the final round of selection.[102]. Saudi Arabia is currently enjoying a massive boom in its personal computer industry since the deregulation of 2002. In 2016, the value of real estate transactions including sales of existing units amounted to $74.91 billion from 15 October to 16 September. The economy of Saudi Arabia is heavily dependent on oil,[18] and is a member of OPEC. [54] He had different of opinions with king Faisal in approach to Yemen. [1] The world's second-largest religion,[2] Islam, emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia. The second largest governmental spending in Saudi Arabia goes for education. [65], Saudi Arabia had plans to launch six "economic cities" (e.g. Ma'aden is now expanding its activities beyond its gold business with the development of phosphates, aluminum, and other projects. On his death in 634, he was succeeded by Umar as caliph, followed by Uthman ibn al-Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib. [140], One problem is that the government Real Estate Development Fund (REDF)—which provides 81% of all loans for housing—had an 18-year waiting list for loans due to pent-up demand. [155][156][157], According to the World Bank, Saudi Arabia has conducted several reforms. The history of Saudi Arabia in its current form as a nation state began with the emergence of the Al Saud dynasty in central Arabia in 1744 and the subsequent establishment of the Emirate of Diriyah. [98], In early July 2020, Saudi Arabia announced the nomination of its former Minister of Economy and Saudi royal court adviser, Mohammad Al-Tuwaijri, for the role of WTO’s director-general. Beyond this, demand for professional real estate services is attracting regional educators such as DREI to provide courses on Saudi real estate, and even dedicated books focused on the market such as Saudi Real Estate Companion. [169], On 16 November 2020, Saudi Aramco announced hiring banks to sell dollar-denominated bonds with the aim of improving finances after the coronavirus pandemic caused a sharp fall in the global demand for crude oil. [59], The main investing countries in Saudi Arabia in 2016 were the US, UAE, France, Singapore, Kuwait and Malaysia. That same year, Saudi Arabia established the Supreme Economic Council to formulate and better coordinate economic development policies in order to accelerate institutional and industrial reform. [173], The Saudi ICT sector has grown significantly over the last decade and is still showing strong growth. [79], In 2008, the "Initiative for Saudi Agricultural Investment Abroad" was launched, leading to extensive billion-dollar purchases of large tracts of land around the world: Ethiopia, Indonesia, Mali, Senegal, Sudan and others. Another is that the REDF's maximum loan is 500,000 SR ($133,000), while in 2012 the average price for a small free-standing home in Riyadh is more than double that—1.23 million SR ($328,000). [61], As the Arab Spring unrest and protests began to spread across Arab world in early 2011, King Abdullah announced an increase in welfare spending. [30] "Saudi reserves are steadily being depleted, and no significant new discoveries have been found to replace them," according to Middle East journalist Karen House. [127], The cost of maintaining the Royal Family is estimated by some to be about US$10 billion per year. In the following year, Abdul-Aziz finally defeated the Al Rashid and annexed all northern Arabia. [156], Previously, the country rated as the 92nd for ease of doing business, according to the World Bank in its annual "Doing Business" report issued for 2018. The government also has set a target of creating 817,300 new jobs for Saudi nationals. [126] Saudi hopes to increase technological innovation, particularly with the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, and thus to stimulate the economy. The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of mainly four distinct historical regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). In 1920, the Ikhwan's attention turned to the south-west, when they seized Asir, the region between the Hejaz and Yemen. It also has the fifth-largest proven natural gas reserves[17] and is considered an "Energy Superpower". Islamism continued to grow in strength.[25][41][42][58]. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy governed along Islamist lines. Development began in 1941 and by 1949 production was in full swing. [39] After gradually purchasing Aramco's assets, the Saudi government nationalized the company in 1980. Non-Saudi nationals are required to obtain a foreign capital investment license from the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA). King Fahd, fearing an attack from Iraq, invited soldiers from the US and 32 other countries to Saudi Arabia. The amount of PCs per capita has grown exponentially to nearly 43% of the population in 2005 from just 13% in 2002 leapfrogging over the rest of West Asia. [158] Since 2013, the Kingdom has declined in the overall Doing Business rankings, from 22nd to 92nd. [60], The Saudi Ministry of Commerce and Investment expects the Kingdom will witness an increase in the GDP per capita from US$20,700 to 33,500 by 2020. [44] She died in 1910. He was the son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, one of the last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, a tribal sheikhdom centered on Riyadh. [55], The government has sought to allocate its petroleum income to transform its relatively undeveloped, oil-based economy into that of a modern industrial state while maintaining the kingdom's traditional Islamic values and customs. About 51% are under the age of 25 (as of Feb 2012). The gross domestic product and real gross domestic income of Saudi Arabia fluctuates dramatically according to the price of oil (see below). [53]) The Forward reported that Shukairy, was a close collaborator with the mufti. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and … Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610, but migrated to Medina in 622. [115] According to a 2013 report by the International Monetary Fund, up to 1.6 million young nationals of the Persian Gulf countries (of which Saudi Arabia is the largest) will enter the workforce from 2013 to 2018, but the economies of those countries will have jobs in the private sector for less than half (approximately 600,000). If allowed to come to completion, it will be 33 times larger than New York City! GDP per capita (PPP) shrunk by 0.8% on average during the 1980s, grew 2.1% during the 1990s and 4.4% during the 2000s. The objective was for the private sector to have 70% to 90% ownership in most joint venture enterprises. "[96], To provide the best support for the private sector and entrepreneurs, The Kingdom announced a decision approved by the Saudi Cabinet, In July 2019, allowing businesses in the country to be given the option to remain open 24 hours a day. December 12, 1962 Page 1, Israel Urges UN Adopt Direct Peace Talk Move. Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al Saud, (Arabic: عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود‎ ‎ ‘Abd ullāh ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Su‘ūd) (1 August 1924 – 23 January 2015) was the King of Saudi Arabia from … However, significant population growth has strained the government's ability to finance further improvements in the country's standard of living. With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2, Saudi Arabia is geographically the 5th-largest state in Asia and 2nd-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. [25] Khalid was succeeded by his brother King Fahd in 1982, who maintained Saudi Arabia's foreign policy of close cooperation with the United States and increased purchases of sophisticated military equipment from the United States and Britain. [26] In 747, a Kharidjit rebel from Yemen seized Mecca unopposed, but he was soon defeated by Marwan II. It also continued the effort to "Saudiize" the labor force. Their domain originally comprised only the holy cities of Mecca and Medina but in the 13th century it was extended to include the rest of the Hejaz. Just three of the 20 companies that have dropped out of the top 100 over the past year are listed on the Saudi stock exchange. [37] During the 1973 oil crisis, the price of oil rose from $3 per barrel to nearly $12, and the Saudi economy began to grow rapidly,[38] with GDP increasing from approximately $15 billion in 1973, to approximately $184 billion by 1981. Saudi Arabia maintains a negative list of sectors in which foreign investment is prohibited, but the government plans to open some closed sectors such as telecommunications, insurance, and power transmission/distribution over time. Petroleum in Saudi Arabia is not only plentiful but under pressure and close to the earth's surface. Saudi forces did not participate in the Six-Day (Arab–Israeli) War of June 1967, but the government later provided annual subsidies to Egypt, Jordan, and Syria to support their economies. Since then "businessmen say it has only gotten worse. These units are offered to the public and traded on the Saudi Stock Exchange. It … In the early 7th century, the Islamic prophet [88] Foreigners (being non-GCC nationals) are entitled to ownership and investment of in real estate with some conditions. The country has the second-largest proven petroleum reserves,[15] and is the largest exporter of petroleum in the world. The militants involved were in part angered by what they considered to be the corruption and un-Islamic nature of the Saudi regime. His full-siblings were Faisal, Noura, Bazza, Haya and Saad. [53], The foreign investments in the Kingdom have witnessed a rapid increase in the first quarter of 2019. One of the fastest growing sectors in the country has been real estate supported by the introduction of real estate investment trusts (REITs) market which has witnessed a significant growth in the number of REITs,[85][86] although this is yet to achieve its full potential despite some shortages in both residential and commercial real estate. There were several anti-government riots in the region in 1979 and 1980. A 2005 survey by the Riyadh Chamber of Commerce found 77% of businessmen polled felt they had to 'bypass' the law to conduct their operations. Petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an Islamic absolute monarchy in which Sunni Islam is the official state religion based on firm Sharia law. [116], According to The Economist magazine, the Saudi government has attempted in years past to raise employment by forcing "companies to fill at least 30% of their positions" with Saudi citizens. [43] Budgetary deficits developed, and the government drew down its foreign assets. In the early 7th century, the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity. A business journalist (Karen House) criticizing the Saudi bureaucracy complained that someone seeking to start a business in Saudi Arabia, has to complete innumerable applications and documents at multiple layers of multiple ministries, which invariably requires seeking favors from various patronage networks and accumulating obligations along the way, most probably including having to hire less-than-competent dependents of his patrons. In 2016, Mohammad bin Salman announced Saudi Vision 2030, a plan to reduce Saudi Arabia's dependence on oil, diversify its economy, and develop public service sectors such as health, education, infrastructure, recreation and tourism. [19], Saudi oil reserves are the second largest in the world, and Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil exporter and second largest producer. Together, the three projects will employ more than 150,000 technicians and engineers working around the clock. Although economic planners have not achieved all their goals, the economy has progressed rapidly.

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